A&P 8/22/05
Anatomy & Physiology
The study of the human body must encompass both anatomy and physiology because structures, functions, and processes are interwoven
Anatomy
1) Anatomy structure as it relates to function
a) Developmental anatomy changes that occur between conception and adulthood
b) Embryology a sub specialty of developmental anatomy. Changes from conception to the end of the 8th week of development
i) Most birth defects occur during this stage
c) Cytology study of structural features of cells
i) Pap smear
d) Histology examines tissues which are the cells and the materials surrounding them
2) Gross anatomy study of structures which can be seen without the aid of microscope
3) Systemic anatomy body is studied system by system.
a) System is a group of structures that have 1 or more common functions
i) Circulatory system
4) Regional anatomy body studied area by area. Usually the med school approach
a) I.e.: studying the head or arms
5) Surface anatomy study of external form of the body and its relationship to deeper structures
a) Ribs and sternum help define where to best hear heart sounds
1) Anatomical imaging seeing into the body without being invasive
a) Radiographs x-rays
b) MRI uses magnets the water in the body helps give the image
c) CAT scans x-rays computed axial tomography
d) CT scans x-rays computed tomography
e) Ultrasound sound waves probe bounces sound waves off organs
f) Nuclear medicine physiologic shows active metabolism
i) Injection with isotopes
ii) bone scan
2) abnormal anatomy refers to abnormal anomalies anatomical anomalies
a) extra finger harmless
b) horseshoe kidney attached kidneys so theres just one harmless
c) blue baby syndrome transposition of great vessels the aorta and pulmonary arteries lethal
Physiology
Structure and Function Organization
6 levels page 5
1) chemical level atomic or molecular level atoms combine to form molecules
a) fats
b) proteins
c) nucleic acids
d) carbohydrates
2) cell level cells are the basic units of all living things
a) molecules combine to form organelles the small structures that make up cells
i) nucleus contains hereditary info
ii) mitochondria provide energy the powerhouse makes ATP
3) Tissue level tissue is a group of similar cells and the materials which surround them characteristics of cells and materials determine the tissue function. 4 tissue types:
a) epithelial
b) connective
c) muscle
d) nervous
4) organ level organ is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions
a) heart
5) organ system level group of organs that have a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit
a) 11 major organ systems
b) Integumentary
c) Skeletal
d) Muscular
e) Nervous
f) Endocrine
g) Cardiovascular
h) Lymphatic
i) Respiratory
j) Digestive
k) Urinary
l) reproductive
6) organism level an organism is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell or trillions of cells
11 Major Organ Systems page 7
1) integumentary system hair, skin, and skin appendages (nails, and sweat glands)
a) provides protection
b) regulates temp
c) prevents water loss
d) helps metabolize Vitamin D
2) skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints
a) provides protection and support
b) allows body movement
c) produces blood cells
d) stores fats and minerals
3) muscular system consists of muscles attached to the Skelton by tendons
a) produces body movements
b) maintains posture
c) produces body heat
d) consists of muscles attached to the Skelton by tendons
4) lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels thoracic duct is the largest lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs such as the spleen and thymus
a) removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph
b) combats disease
c) maintains tissue fluid balance
d) absorbs fats from digestive tract
5) respiratory system consists of the lungs and respiratory passages trachea, larynx, sinuses, and nasal passages
a) exchanges O2 and CO2 between the blood and air
b) regulates blood PH (acid base regulation)
6) digestive system consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs
a) performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion
b) absorption of nutrients
c) elimination of wastes
7) nervous system one of two major regulatory systems consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
a) detects sensations
b) controls movements
c) physiological processes
d) intellectual functions
8) endocrine system one of two major regulatory systems consists of glands such as pituitary, that secrete hormones
a) influences metabolism
b) growth, reproduction
c) other functions
9) Cardiovascular system Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood
a) transports nutrients and waste products, gases, and hormones throughout body.
b) Plays a role in immune response
c) regulation of body temp
10) Urinary system Consists of kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry water
a) removes waste products from blood
b) regulates blood PH
c) ion balance
d) water balance
11) Female reproductive system Consists of ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures.
a) produces oocytes
b) is the site of fertilization and fetal development
c) produces milk for newborn
d) produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behavior
12) Male reproductive system Consists of testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis
a) produce and transfer sperm cells to the female
b) produces hormones that influence sexual function and behavior
The Human Organism Characteristics of life
All living things are highly organized and the organized parts all interact with each other.
NOTE: some entities do not meet all 6 requirements. So theres some controversy as to if they are alive. Viruses fit this category.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.
i. receptor monitors the value of a variable
ii. control center establishes the set point around which the variables are maintained
iii. effector which can change the value of the variables.
Terminology and the Body Plan
Etymology the derivation of words where they originate from.
Body positions and terms pages 13-17
i. arm extends from the shoulder to elbow
ii. forearm extends from elbow to wrist
iii. wrist
iv. hand
i. thigh extends from hip to knee
ii. leg extends from knee to ankle
iii. ankle
iv. foot
i. head
ii. neck
iii. trunk
i. thorax chest
ii. abdomen between thorax and pelvis
iii. pelvis -- inferior end of the trunk associated with hips
i. right upper gallbladder and liver
ii. left upper spleen and stomach
iii. right lower appendix
iv. left lower small bowel and large bowel
i. Right hypochondriac -- liver
ii. Epigastric stomach and liver
iii. Left hypochondriac -- stomach
iv. Right lumbar --
v. Umbilical -- navel
vi. Left lumbar --
vii. Right iliac --
viii. Hypogastric --
ix. Left iliac --
i. Sagittal means the flight of an arrow
Body parts and regions
Front
i. pectoral chest
ii. sternal breastbone
iii. mammary -- breast
i. palmar palm
ii. digital fingers
i. talus ankle
ii. dorsum top of the foot
iii. digital toes
Back
Body cavities
some open to outside and some do not
i. divided into left and right by a median partition, the mediastinum or middle wall
ii. mediastinum contains: heart
1. thymus gland
2. trachea
3. esophagus
4. blood vessels
5. nerves
iii. lungs are on either side of mediastinum
iv. pericardial cavity surrounds heart
v. pleural cavity surrounds lungs
i. stomach
ii. intestines
iii. liver
iv. spleen
v. pancreas
vi. kidneys
i. urinary bladder
ii. part of the large intestine
iii. internal reproductive organs
serous membranes
cover the organs of the trunk cavities and line the trunk cavities and decrease friction of the organs.
2 types:
i. surrounds the heart
1. contains pericardial fluid
2. located between the visceral and parietal pericardium
a. visceral pericardium covers the heart, which is contained within a connective tissue sac lined with the parietal pericardium
i. surrounds each lung which is covered by visceral pleura
1. located between the visceral and parietal pleurae
2. contains pleural fluid
ii. parietal pleura line the inner surface of the thoracic wall, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm
i. peritoneal cavity lined with serous membranes
1. visceral peritoneum covers many organs
2. located between the visceral and parietal peritonea
3. contains peritoneal fluid
ii. parietal peritoneum lines the wall of cavity and inferior surface of diaphragm
i. Kidneys
ii. Adrenal glands
iii. Pancreas
iv. Parts of intestines
v. Urinary bladder